Fortified+Enclaves

“Fortified enclaves are privatized, enclosed, and monitored spaces for residence, consumption, leisure, and work.” (Calderia) Fortified claves serve mostly for rich, upper-middle, and middle classes. Fortified enclaves segregated themselves by physical boundary (e.g. wall, fence, empty space) and security systems (e.g. security guard, surveillance equipment). Fortified enclaves are not only residential spaces, but also such as work, educational, commercial and entertainment spaces. Those spaces are formed for them to protect themselves from crime and fear of crime. As problems, fortified enclaves can contribute to spatial and social fragmentation and segregation.
 * Fortified enclaves**(often referred to as **Gated community**)

1940s~ Autoconstruction by working class in the periphery of the city and the influx of the poorest population into the city centre. 1970S~ Legal development of the periphery 1980s~ Tertiarization and the movement of the Service and Commercial industries to the periphery mid-1980s~ Increase of crime rate
 * The causes of emergence of fortified enclaves in São Paulo**

Fortification in Los Angeles
The strategies employed in LA were such as (1) destruction of public space, (2) defensible architecture, (3) armed security and sophisticated surveillance systems.

Are Gated Communities better places to live?
Wilson-Doenges studied four communities in Orange County, California (high-income non-gated/gated, low-income non-gated/gated), and investigated and compared (1) sense of community, (2) crime, and (3) fear of crime, in those community. Wilson-Doenges concluded that the gated community was not beneficial, since the inhabitants have less sense of community and actually not much safer, moreover, it contribute to such as spatial and social fragmentation and segregation.

Landman, K. & Schönteich suggested that there is no empirical data show that gated communities reduce the crime rate inside of the communities or contribute the overall reduction in crime in the city.

Summary
Although fortified enclaves is preferred by the upper class citizens in high-crime rate places, it is still unknown if fortified enclaves enhance the security in the community or the overall security of the city. While it seems clear that fortified enclaves maintain and even amplify the problems due to the social inequality in the cities.

=Bibliography= Calderia, T. 1996. Fortified enclaves: the new urban segregation. //Public Culture//, 8(2):303-328.Davis, M. 1990. //City of Quartz: Excavating The Future In Los Angeles//. London: Veso. (Chapter 4) Landman, K. & Schönteich, M. 2002. URBANFORTRESSES Gated communities as a reaction to crime. //African Security Review,// 11(4): 71-85 Wilson-Doenges, G. 2000. AN EXPLORATION OF COMMUNITY AND FEAR OF CRIME IN GATED COMMUNITIES. //ENVIRONMENT AND BEHAVIOR//, 32(5): 597-611